LAKE LADOGA

A view on the lakeshore Photo: I. M. Raspopov  
 

A. LOCATION

• Karelia, Russia.*
• 59:54-61:47N, 29:47-32:58E; 4.8 m above sea level.

* Place names are not updated.

 

B. DESCRIPTION

Lake Ladoga is the largest freshwater body in Europe with a surface area of 18,135 km2 including the islands area of 460 km2. The volume of the lake is 908 km3, its average and maximum depths being 51 and 230 m, respectively. The shallowest southern part has a mean depth of 13 m (the lake is divided into four zones taking depth distribution into account).
Lake Ladoga is situated on the borderline between the crystalline Baltic shield and Great Russian Plain, and the geological history of its drainage basin (250,600 km2) is very complicated (1). Differences in the geological structure of the watershed are reflected in the structure of both shores and depressions of the lake. Seven types of bottom sediments were distinguished (2); blocks, boulders, pebbles and gravel, sand of various grain size, coarse- grained aleurite silt, fine-grained aleurite silt, and clayey silt. Clayey silt accumulates in the deepest areas of the lake. The other types of bottom sediments are characteristic of littoral and declinate zones.
The principal components of water balance are inflow and outflow, accounting for 86 and 92% of the total inputs and outputs, respectively. Since 1981 the annual inflow has varied between 77.8 and 89.0 km3 (3). Lake thermic regime is characterized by the existence of thermal bar in periods of spring warming and autumn cooling. Thermal bar divides the lake into two regions - thermoactive and thermoinert, whose water masses differ one from another by physicochemical characteristics (4). Lake Ladoga is influenced by wind waves. The maximal measured wave height amounts to 5.8 m and the maximal length to 60 m (3).
Ladoga water is poorly mineralized - average value of mineralization is 62 mg l-1. Once favorable oxygen regime is now getting worse under the influence of anthropogenic eutrophication during the last 10 years. Great attention is being paid to the preservation of water quality in Lake Ladoga. In 1984 the Council of Ministers of USSR adopted a resolution on protecting measures for Lake Ladoga and its basin. Implementing this resolution, a large pulp and paper plant in Priozersk was closed. The governmental program "Ladoga" has been elaborated and is being carried out by cooperation of several different institutions (Q).

?

C. PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS (3)

 

Surface area [km2]	18,135
Volume [km3]	908
Maximum depth [m]	230
Mean depth [m]	51
Water level	Unregulated
Normal range of annual water level fluctuation [m]	0.7
Length of shoreline [km]	1,570*
Residence time [yr]	12.3
Catchment area [km2]	70,120
* Not including the catchments of upstream lakes (cf. Fig. EUR-37-02).

 

 

D. PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES

D1 GEOGRAPHICAL

• Sketch map: Fig. EUR-37-02.
• Bathymetric map: Fig. EUR-37-01.
• Names of main islands

Riekkalansaari (55.3 km2), Mantsinsaari (39.4 km2) and Valaam (27.8 km2).
• Number of outflowing rivers and channels (name): 1 (Neva R.).
• Others

Physiographic zoning map: Fig. EUR-37-03.

D2 CLIMATIC (5, 6)

• Climatic data at Sucho Island, 1881-1960

 

Mean temp. [deg C]
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Ann.
-7.8	-8.8	-5.9	-0.3	5.5	11.8	16.3	15.6	11.1	5.2	0.1	-4.7	3.2
Precipitation [mm]
26	24	24	29	43	46	54	55	58	49	39	28	475

 

• Number of hours of bright sunshine: 1,784 hr yr-1.

Fig. EUR-37-01
Bathymetric map [m](Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-02
Sketch map of the whole Ladoga Lake basin (Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-03
Physiographic zoning of the lake.

 

• Solar radiation: 9.2 MJ m-2 day-1.
• Water temperature [deg C]

 

Northern part of the lake, 1959-1988
Depth [m]	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
0.1	0.8	0.0	-	-	0.4	7.6	13.4	15.7	11.9	7.8	4.0	1.8

 

• Freezing period: February-May.
• Mixing type: Dimictic.

 

E. LAKE WATER QUALITY (Q)

E1 TRANSPARENCY [m]

 

Station 1, 1990
Depth [m]	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
1	-	-	-	-	3.6	-	3.4	-	-	4.4	-	-
Station 2, 1990
	-	-	-	-	4.0	-	3.3	-	-	3.7	-	-
Station 3, 1990
	-	-	-	-	3.5	-	3.1	-	-	-	-	-
Station 4, 1990
	-	-	-	-	3.5	-	3.5	-	-	-	-	-
Station 5, 1990
	-	-	-	-	5.0	-	3.3	-	-	3.3	-	-
Station 6, 1990
	-	-	-	-	1.8	-	3.1	-	-	3.1	-	-
Station 7, 1990
	-	-	-	-	3.7	-	3.0	-	-	3.3	-	-
Station 8, 1990
	-	-	-	-	3.6	-	2.5	-	-	3.2	-	-
Station 9, 1990
	-	-	-	-	1.5	-	2.7	-	-	2.7	-	-
Station 10, 1990
	-	-	-	-	2.8	-	2.7	-	-	1.9	-	-
Station 11, 1990
	-	-	-	-	1.8	-	2.4	-	-	-	-	-

 

Fig. EUR-37-04
Observation stations where the transparency was measured (Q).

E2 pH

 

1981-1982
Depth [m]	Spring	Summer	Autumn
S*1	7.40-8.90	7.25-9.50	7.25-7.65
B*2	7.30-8.75	7.10-8.45	7.25-7.60
*1 Surface. *2 Bottom.

 

E3 SS: Fig. EUR-37-05.

Fig. EUR-37-05
Mean concentration of SS in the ultra-profundal zone, 1979-1990 [mg l-1](Q).

E4 DO [mg l-1/%]

 

Ultra-profundal zone, 1987-1988
	1987		1988
Depth [m]	Jun	Jul	Jun	Jul	Aug
0	12.8/96	11.0/105	11.8/89	10.6/105	10.0/105
10	12.8/95	11.3/102	12.8/96	11.62/117	9.41/98
25	12.8/95	11.8/95	12.8/97	11.87/94	12.47/100
50	-	12.0/95	12.7/95	11.28/97	12.1/95
100	12.2/91	12.0/95	12.8/96	12.31/97	12.6/98
120	11.8/89	12.0/94	11.9/89	11.9/93	11.9/93

 

E5 COD: Fig. EUR-37-06.

Fig. EUR-37-06
Seasonal and vertical distribution of organic carbon [mg C l-1] in the ultra- profundal zone (Q).

E6 CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION: Fig. EUR-37-07 and 08.

Fig. EUR-37-07
Distribution of spring chlorophyll a concentration [micro g l-1], May 1981 (Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-08
Distribution of summer chlorophyll a concentration [micro g l-1], averages for August 1980-1982 (Q).

E7 NITROGEN CONCENTRATION

• Total-N [mg l-1]

May-June*1 1986: 0.61 (0.45-0.90). July-August*2 1986: 0.60 (0.39-0.90). September-October*3 1986: 0.55 (0.42-0.91). *1 Spring. *2 Summer. *3 Autumn.

E8 PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION

• Total-P [micro g l-1]

 

Lake zone	Coastal	Declinate	Profundal	Ultraprofundal	Whole lake
1988
Spring	24 (14-59)	25 (16-27)	19 (15-21)	19 (17-20)	20 (14-59)
Summer	25 (16-70)	20 (12-36)	19 (12-28)	19 (14-30)	19 (12-70)
Autumn	-	-	-	-
1989
Spring	26 (16-40)	24 (18-40)	23 (18-32)	21 (20-24)	22 (16-40)
Summer	22 (15-26)	20 (14-27)	19 (15-30)	18 (13-24)	19 (13-30)
Autumn	18 (16-18)	18 (16-26)	18 (15-22)	18 (15-20)	18 (15-26)

 

E10 PAST TRENDS

• DO

 

Profundal zone [mg l-1 (% saturation)]
Depth		May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct
10 m	1982	-	12.9 (97)	10.7 (84)	10.9 (92)	8.8 (81)	-
	1983	8.9 (68)	-	11.9 (105)	-	-	-
	1984	11.9 (89)	-	10.5 (84)	-	-	11.0 (98)
	1985	11.6 (109)	-	11.8 (97)	11.6 (97)	-	-
	1986	12.6 (94)	-	-	11.0 (101)	-	-
	1987	-	12.8 (95)	11.3 (102)	-	-	-
	1988	12.8 (96)	11.6 (117)	-	9.4 (98)	-	-
50 m	1981	-	-	-	12.9 (99)	-	10.9 (96)
	1982	-	12.2 (95)	8.9 (70)	11.6 (92)	10.2 (81)	-
	1983	9.5 (72)	-	13.0 (102)	-	-	-
	1984	13.1 (99)	-	-	-	-	-
	1985	12.3 (97)	-	12.3 (97)	12.5 (99)	-	-
	1986	12.3 (91)	-	-	12.0 (94)	-	-
	1987	-	-	12.0 (95)	-	-	-
	1988	-	12.8 (96)	12.3 (97)	12.6 (98)	-	-
120 m	1981	12.7 (94)	-	-	12.4 (97)	-	12.1 (95)
	1982	-	12.2 (92)	10.8 (85)	10.6 (83)	10.9 (86)	-
	1983	8.0 (61)	-	13.0 (102)	-	-	-
	1984	13.2 (99)	-	12.6 (99)	12.5 (98)	-	12.5 (99)
	1985	12.6 (99)	-	12.4 (97)	12.5 (98)	-	-
	1986	11.8 (89)	-	-	11.9 (94)	-	-
	1987	-	11.8 (89)	12.0 (94)	-	-	-
	1988	-	11.9 (89)	11.9 (93)	11.9 (93)	-	-

 

• Chlorophyll a

Mean-suspended (MS) and maximum (Max) concentrations of chlorophyll a in surface water in different seasons [micro g l-1]

 

Year	Spring (May-Jun)		Summer (Jul-Aug)		Autumn (Sep-Oct)
	MS	Max	MS	Max	MS	Max
1976	2.5	7.8	2.1	6.4	-	-
1977	1.6	7.0	2.3	8.2	0.7	1.5
1978	2.9	5.9	3.7	38.9	5.0	5.3
1979	1.6	1.8	3.3	25.0	0.4	1.3
1980	2.8	10.0	1.8	7.0	1.9	5.3
1981	2.5	12.6	3.6	47.0	1.2	6.0
1982	2.4	15.0	2.4	21.5	0.8	6.5
1983	1.8	8.5	2.5	35.6	0.7	1.8
1984	1.7	5.3	0.7	3.2	0.4	1.2
1985	-	-	2.0	14.5	0.4	1.3
1986	2.9	13.5	2.1	7.0	0.6	1.7
1987	4.2	17.2	1.7	4.2	-	-
1988	1.7	5.1	1.3	14.3	1.6	4.1
1989	2.1	6.3	2.9	6.4	3.0	13.0 (66.5)

 

• Nitrogen concentration [mg l-1]

 

	Spring (May-Jun)	Summer (Jul-Aug)	Autumn (Sep-Oct)
1981	0.73 (0.60-1.20)	0.74 (0.50-1.42)	0.66 (0.50-0.97)
1982	0.59 (0.45-0.95)	0.59 (0.43-0.99)	0.55 (0.50-0.87)
1983	0.83 (0.71-1.44)	0.69 10.61-1.26)	-
1984	0.77 (0.52-1.12)	0.53 (0.42-0.86)	0.66 (10.55-1.12)
1986	0.61 (0.45-0.90)	0.60 (0.39-0.90)	0.55 (0.42-0.91)

 

• Phosphorus concentration

Total-P [micro g l-1]

 

Zone		Spring	Summer	Autumn
Coastal	1981	42	37	49
	1982	35	37	44
	1983	30	36	23
	1984	33	35	38
	1986	30	40	34
	1987	39	50	-
	1988	24	25	-
	1989	26	22	18
Ultra-profundal	1981	21	29	21
	1982	23	20	19
	1983	24	20	-
	1984	24	24	24
	1986	17	22	26
	1987	21	22	-
	1988	19	19	-
Whole lake	1981	24	28	21
	1982	24	23	22
	1983	24	24	21
	1984	24	24	23
	1986	18	24	27
	1987	21	24	-
	1988	20	19	-
	1989	22	19	18

 

 

F. BIOLOGICAL FEATURES

F1 FLORA (7, 9)

• Emerged macrophytes

Phragmites australis, Scolochloa festucacea, Glyceria maxima, Scirpus lacustris, Eleocharis palustris, Equisetum fluviatile.
• Floating macrophytes

Nuphar lutea, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton natans, Hydrocharis morsus- ranae, Stratiotes aloides, Sparganium emersum.
• Submerged macrophytes

Potamogeton perfoliatus, P. gramineus, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum.
• Phytoplankton

Spring (Aulacosira islandica, Asterionella formosa, Diatoma elongatum), summer (A. formosa, Fragilaria crotonensis, Tribonema affine, Oscillatoria tenuis, O. planctonica, Aphanizomenon flos-aque), autumn (Woronichinia naegeliana, Aulacosira islandica, Tribonema depauperatum, Aphanizomenon flos-aque).
• Phytoperiphyton

Spring (Tabellaria fenestrata, Fragilaria crotonensis), summer (Oedogonium sp., Cladophora glomerata, Ulothrix zonata).

F2 FAUNA (8, 10, 11)

• Zooplankton

Spring (Cyclops abyssorum, Limnocalanus macrurus, Eudiaptomus gracilis, Keratella quadrata, Kellicotia longispina), summer (Asplanchna priodonta, Limnocalanus macrurus, Cyclops abyssorum, Mesocyclops olthonoides, Bosmina obtusirostris, Daphnia cristata).
• Benthos

Pontoporeia affinis, Lamprodrilus isoporus, Peloscolex ferox, Procladius, Cryptochironomus, Isochaetides newaensis, Trissocladius parataricus, Prodiamesa bathyphila, Polypedilum, Stylodrilus heringianus, Potamothrix hammoniensis, Pallasea quadrispinosa.
• Fish

46 species: Coregonus lavaretus, C. abula, Osmerus eperlanus, Stizostedion luciperca, Perca fluviatilis, Lota lota, Salmo salar.
• Supplementary notes on the biota

Relict species: Pontoporeia affinis, Pallasea quadrispinosa, Mysis oculata var. relicta, Mesidothea entomon.

F3 PRIMARY PRODUCTION RATE (Q) Mean daily rates of phytoplankton production, 1989 [micro C m-2]

 

Season	Lake zone				Whole lake mean
	Coastal	Declinate	Profundal	Ultra-profundal
Spring	160	732	537	164	454
Summer	1,026	805	943	1,605	1,031
Autumn	623	119	252	168	275

 

 

Production rates of basic seasonal complexes of phytoplankton
Complex	Chlorophyll a content [micro g l-1]	Daily production [micro g l-1]
- Spring
Aulacosira (thermoactive area)	2.7 (0.4-7.2)	324 (19-1,183)
Aulacosira (thermoinert area)	0.2 (0.02-2.6)	13 (3-36)
Aulacosira-Asterionella (thermoactive area)	1.7 (0.9-3.5)	171 (65-315)
Aulacosira-Diatoma (thermoinert area)	2.1 (1.9-4.9)	391 (109-1,050)
- Summer
Asterionella	1.4 (0.5-11.7)	45 (13-210)
Asterionella-Diatoma	3.5 (1.7-8.2)	273 (68-492)
Asterionella-Tribonema	2.4 (2.3-2.5)	123 (74-452)
Tribonema	1.6 (0.6-3.3)	180 (49-173)
Tribonema-Peridinea	1.4 (0.2-3.5)	109 (42-294)
Fragilaria	1.4 (0.9-1.5)	127 (78-177)
Oscillatoria	1.6 (0.2-2.4)	270 (120-387)
Aphanizomenon	2.3 (0.2-21.3)	117 (14-1,390)
Microcystis	3.0 (0.2-6.3)	237 (7-4,220)
- Autumn
Woronichinia	0.6 (0.2-1.0)	69 (42-96)
Aulacosira-Tribonema	1.1 (0.3-1.6)	27 (2-97)

 

F4 BIOMASS (Q)

• Macrophytes

Mean per water surface: 3.1 [g (dry wt.) m-2]. Phragmites: 929 (529-1,820)[g m-2]. Scirpus: 280-660 [g m-2]. Potamogeton perfoliatus: 105-340 [g m-2].
• Phytoperiphyton

Ulothrix zonata: 200-400*1 [mg cm-2]. Diatoms: ca. 1*2 [mg cm-2]. Periphyton: ca. 2.0*3 [mg cm-2]. *1 On substrata at 0.0-0.5 m depth. *2 At depths more than 0.5 m in the northern part of the lake. *3 In the southern part of the lake.
• Zoobenthos

Mean: 2.5 [g (wet wt.) m-2].

F5 FISHERY PRODUCTS (Q)

• Annual fish catch [metric tons]

1986: 5,527*. * Total 8,000 including angling.

F6 PAST TRENDS (Q)

• Phytoplankton production [micro C m-2]

 

Season	Year	Lake Zone				Whole lake mean
		Coastal	Declinate	Profundal	Ultraprofundal
Spring	1976	87	46	22	5	40
	1977	351	568	205	53	276
	1978	615	1,090	388	100	511
	1981	526	711	85	16	232
	1982	262	728	51	34	210
	1983	1,515	784	152	121	696
	1984	198	135	52	23	102
	1985	319	240	172	32	199
	1986	439	345	291	40	296
	1987	273	559	24	4	232
	1988	480	585	131	60	327
	1989	160	732	537	164	454
Summer	1976	71	470	111	230	147
	1977	391	479	375	554	435
	1978	640	1,852	1,527	224	946
	1981	387	902	414	475	434
	1982	310	497	391	576	360
	1983	346	144	67	135	158
	1984	158	227	200	329	221
	1985	2,442	1,809	2,480	3,726	2,482
	1986	554	1,328	1,029	1,575	1,111
	1987	248	250	375	252	291
	1988	751	332	465	251	449
	1989	1,026	805	943	1,605	1,031
Autumn	1977	55	20	72	7	52
	1981	235	115	85	117	135
	1982	142	89	199	240	174
	1983	14	44	40	40	34
	1984	124	10	9	12	34
	1985	254	216	125	84	172
	1986	90	75	82	48	76
	1987	114	68	84	62	82
	1988	480	220	432	47	314
	1989	623	119	252	168	275

 

Annual production [g C m-2]

whole lake average Year Production Year Production 1976 14.7 1984 20.6 1977 46.4 1985 139.5 1978 88.1 1986 75.8 1979 48.1 1987 38.1 1982 44.9 1988 65.3 1983 54.5 1989 96.5

• Trend of the average number of bacterioplankton in summer [1.0E+6 cells ml-1]

 

		Total No. of bacterioplankton
Year	Lake zone	Epilimnion	Hypolimnion
1980	Coastal	0.84	-
	Declinate	0.70	0.41
	Profundal	0.61	0.14
	Ultra-profundal	0.42	0.12
	Whole lake	0.67	0.24
1981	Coastal	0.80	-
	Declinate	1.00	0.39
	Profundal	1.00	0.29
	Ultra-profundal	1.20	0.23
	Whole lake	1.00	0.30
1982	Coastal	1.00	-
	Declinate	0.85	0.49
	Profundal	0.91	0.36
	Ultra-profundal	0.85	0.34
	Whole lake	0.90	0.40
1983	Coastal	0.84	-
	Declinate	0.75	-
	Profundal	0.70	-
	Ultra-profundal	0.40	-
	Whole lake	0.72	-
1984	Coastal	0.50	-
	Declinate	0.70	0.51
	Profundal	0.90	0.43
	Ultra-profundal	0.70	0.47
	Whole lake	0.72	0.47
1985	Coastal	0.70	-
	Declinate	0.90	0.63
	Profundal	0.90	0.41
	Ultra-profundal	0.90	0.54
	Whole lake	0.86	0.52

 

• Fishery production [t yr-1]

 

Year	Catch
1981	6,915
1982	6,770
1983	5,540
1984	6,461
1985	5,091
1986	5,527

 

Fig. EUR-37-09
Zooplankton biomass [g m-2] at 0-10 m depth in Jul.-Aug., 1983 (Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-10
Biomass of Oligochaeta [mg (fresh wt) m-2](Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-11
Biomass of Amphipoda [mg (fresh wt) m-2](Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-12
Biomass of Mollusca [mg (fresh wt) m-2](Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-13
Biomass of Chironomidae [mg (fresh wt) m-2](Q).

 

Fig. EUR-37-14
Biomass of meiobenthos [mg m-2](Q).

 

G. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (Q)

G1 LAND USE IN THE CATCHMENT AREA

 

1987
	Area [km2]	[%]
- Natural landscape
Woody vegetation	51,180	73.0
Swamp	7,250	10.3
Others	2,460	3.5
- Agricultural land
Crop field	2,140	3.1
Pasture land	960	1.4
- Residential area	1,420	2.0
- Others	4,710	6.7
- Total	70,120	100.0

 

• Types of important forest vegetation: Pine and fir.
• Types of the other important vegetation: Peat-bogs.
• Main kinds of crops and/or cropping system: Vegetable-growing.
• Levels of fertilizer application on crop fields: Moderate.

G3 POPULATION IN THE CATCHMENT AREA

 

1987
	Population	Population density [km-2]	Major cities (population)
Urban	688,000	9.8	Nowgorod, Tikhvin,
Rural	216,000	3.1	Kirishi, Volkhov, Pikalevo, Lodeynoye Pole
Total	904,000	12.9

 

 

H. LAKE UTILIZATION (Q)

H1 LAKE UTILIZATION 1990

Source of water, navigation and transportation, sightseeing and tourism, recreation (swimming, sport-fishing, yachting) and fisheries.

H2 THE LAKE AS WATER RESOURCE*

 

	Use rate [m3 sec-1]
- Domestic	26.3
- Irrigation
Agricultural	1.5
- Industrial	28.2
- Power plant	-
- Others	1.4
- Total	57.4
* With calculation by Leningrad water-supply.

 

 

I. DETERIORATION OF LAKE ENVIRONMENTS AND HAZARDS (Q, 1, 2, 8, 9, 16)

I1 ENHANCED SILTATION

• Extent of damage: Not serious.

I2 TOXIC CONTAMINATION

• Present status: Detected but not serious.
• Metal concentration

 

Mean/range [g l-1], 1982-1986
Ion/Lake zone	Coastal	Declinate	Profundal	Ultraprofundal	Whole lake
Fe	225	160	118	91	148
	45-1,150	45-1,730	33-890	15-250	15-1,730
Al	88	63	51	40	60
	12-420	19-240	12-210	10-150	10-420
Mn	17.0	9.0	5.2	2.2	8.4
	1.8-100	1.2-135.0	1.0-80.0	0.5-7.0	0.5-135.0
Cu	6.7	6.7	5.8	5.7	6.0
	1.0-22.0	1.0-24.5	1.4-15.5	0.5-18.9	0.5-24.5
Pb	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6
	0.5-4.0	0.5-5.5	0.5-6.0	0.5-4.5	0.5-6.0

 

I3 EUTROPHICATION

• Nuisance caused by eutrophication

Unusual algal bloom (Aulacosira islandica, Diatoma elongatum, Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon flos-aque, Woronichinia naegeliana, Tribonema affine), disturbed filtration in cleaning beds.

Fig. EUR-37-15
(Q) Changes in the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton population during the process of anthropogenic eutrophication.

 

• Nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to the lake [t yr-1]

 

1987
Sources	Industrial	Domestic	Agricultural	Aerial	Natural	Total
T-N	-	-	-	-	-	81,200
T-P	2,500	700	1,400	400	1,200	6,200

 

I4 ACIDIFICATION

• Extent of damage

Detected but not serious (due to atmospheric transport).

 

J. WASTEWATER TREATMENTS (Q)

J1 GENERATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA

d) Measurable pollution with limited wastewater treatment.

J2 APPROXIMATE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANT LOADS

 

	T-P [%]
- Point sources
Municipal (domestic wastewater)	11
Industrial wastewater	40
- Non-point sources
Agricultural runoff	23
Aerial precipitation	6
Natural sources	20
Total	100

 

 

L. DEVELOPMENT PLANS (Q)

Project "Ladoga".

 

M. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES FOR UPGRADING LAKE ENVIRONMENTS (Q)

M1 NATIONAL AND LOCAL LAWS CONCERNED

• Names of the laws (the year of legislation)
1. Principles of Water Laws for USSR and Soviet Republics, Supreme Council of the USSR (1970)
2. About Measures on Protection Intensification of Baltic Sea from Pollution, Council of Ministers of USSR (1976)
3. RSFSR Water Code, Supreme Council of RSFSR (1980)
4. About Additional Measures on Ensuring of Protection and Rational Use of Water and Other Natural Resources in Lakes Ladoga, Onega and Ilmen, Council of Ministers of USSR (1984)
• Responsible authorities
1. State Sanitary Inspection
2. State Fish Inspection
3. North-Western Administration of State Committee of Hydrometeorology
4. USSR State Committee for Environment Protection, Leningrad Branch
• Main items of control
1. Toxic substances (ions of heavy metals and others)
2. Phenols, oil, pollutants of industrial, domestic and agricultural origin

M3 RESEARCH INSTITUTES ENGAGED IN THE LAKE ENVIRONMENT STUDIES

1. Institute of Limnology, Academy of Science of USSR, Leningrad
2. State Research Institute for Fish Industry (GosNIORCH), Leningrad

 

N. SOURCES OF DATA

17. Questionnaire filled by Dr. I. M. Raspopov, Institute of Limnology, Academy of Science of USSR, Leningrad. l) Arkhangelsky, A. D. (1947, 1948) Geological Structure and Geological History of the USSR. 415 pp. (I) and 372 pp. (II). Publ. House Ac. Sci. USSR, Moscow (In Russian).
2. Semenovich, N. I. (1966) Bottom Sediments of Lake Ladoga. Publ. House Ac. Sci. USSR. 124 pp. Moscow and Leningrad (In Russian).
3. Malinina, T. I. (ed.)(1966) Hydrological Regime and Balance of Lake Ladoga. 324 pp. Publ. House Ac. Sci. USSR, Leningrad (In Russian).
4. Tikhomirov, A. I. (1982) Thermal Structure of Large Lakes. 232 PP. Publ. House Nauka, Leningrad (In Russian).
5. Climate of USSR Reference Book (1974) Publ. House Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 284 pp. (In Russian).
6. Long Standing Data of Conditions and Resources of Inland Surface Waters, 1 (5)(1986) Publ. House Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 688 pp. (In Russian).
7. Petrova, N.A. (ed.)(1982) Anthropogenic Eutrophication of Lake Ladoga. 304 pp. Publ. House Nauka, Leningrad (In Russian).
8. Petrova, N.A. & Raspletina, G. F. (eds.)(1987) Natural State of the Lake Ladoga Ecosystem. 213 pp. Publ. House Nauka, Leningrad (In Russian).
9. Raspopov, I. M. (1985) Higher Auqatic Vegetation of Large Lakes in the Northwestern Area of the USSR. 200 pp. Publ. House Nauka, Leningrad (In Russian).
10. Menshutkin, V. V., Slepukhina, T. D., Menshutkina, M. V. & Suvorova, T. P. (1986) Distribution of bottom invertebrates, eatable for fish in Lake Ladoga. In: Biological Characteristics of Trade Fish in Lake Ladoga and Finnish Gulf and Their Economical Use, pp. 76-89, Leningrad (In Russian).
11. Fedorova, G. V. (1987) Fish catch from Lake Ladoga and causes of its fluctuations. Trudy GosNIORCH, Leningrad, 266, pp. 3-10 (In Russian).